Abstract
Context
Objective
Evidence acquisition
Evidence synthesis
Conclusions
Keywords
1. Introduction
Grabe M, Bishop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. http://www.uroweb.org/professional-resources/guidelines/online/. Updated 2009. Accessed May 2009.
2. Evidence acquisition
3. Evidence synthesis
3.1 European Association of Urology guidelines on recurrent urinary tract infections
Grabe M, Bishop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. http://www.uroweb.org/professional-resources/guidelines/online/. Updated 2009. Accessed May 2009.

Grabe M, Bishop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. http://www.uroweb.org/professional-resources/guidelines/online/. Updated 2009. Accessed May 2009.
Grabe M, Bishop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. http://www.uroweb.org/professional-resources/guidelines/online/. Updated 2009. Accessed May 2009.
Grabe M, Bishop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. http://www.uroweb.org/professional-resources/guidelines/online/. Updated 2009. Accessed May 2009.

Grabe M, Bishop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. http://www.uroweb.org/professional-resources/guidelines/online/. Updated 2009. Accessed May 2009.
Grabe M, Bishop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. http://www.uroweb.org/professional-resources/guidelines/online/. Updated 2009. Accessed May 2009.
3.2 Oral immunostimulant bacterial extracts: mechanism of action
3.3 Oral immunostimulant bacterial extracts: efficacy and tolerability
Author (yr) | No. of patients (UV/placebo) | Treatment scheme | Comparator | Parameters measured | Reduction in mean no. of recurrent UTIs with UV (expressed as % of placebo) [27] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Admitted | Completed | |||||
Tammen (1990) [28] | 76/74 | 61/59 | 1/d for 90 d | Placebo | UTI, B, Ab, D | −34.9% |
Pisani et al (1992) [29] Pisani E, Palla R, Bono AV. Double-blind randomised clinical study of OM-8930 vs placebo in patients suffering from recurrent urinary tract infections [quoted by Chiavaroli C, Moore A. An hypothesis to link the opposing immunological effects induced by the bacterial lysate OM-89 in urinary tract infection and rheumatoid arthritis. BioDrugs 2006; 20:141–9]. Geneva, Switzerland: OM PHARMA; 1992. | 81/79 | 66/71 | 1/d for 90 d | Placebo | UTI, B, S, Ab, L | −43.9% |
Schulman et al (1993) [30] | 85/81 | 72/68 | 1/d for 90 d | Placebo | UTI, B, Ab, D | −37.8% |
Magasi et al (1994) [31] | 63/59 | 58/54 | 1/d for 90 d | Placebo | UTI, B, L, D | −65.2% |
Bauer et al (2005) [21] | 231/222 | 195/191 (184/186)* | 1/d for 90 d; break 3 mo; then 10 d/mo for 3 mo; total 12 mo | Placebo | UTI, B, S, Ab, L, D | −21.7% (−34.4%)* |

3.4 Oral immunostimulant bacterial extracts: burning questions and current challenges
Grabe M, Bishop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. http://www.uroweb.org/professional-resources/guidelines/online/. Updated 2009. Accessed May 2009.
3.5 Oral immunostimulant bacterial extracts: future developments
4. Conclusions
Conflicts of interest
Funding support
Acknowledgments
References
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